A Geometrical Interpretation to Define Contradiction Degrees between Two Fuzzy Sets

For inference purposes in both classical and fuzzy logic, neither the information itself should be contradictory, nor should any of the items of available information contradict each other. In order to avoid these troubles in fuzzy logic, a study about contradiction was initiated by Trillas et al. in [5] and [6]. They introduced the concepts of both self-contradictory fuzzy set and contradiction between two fuzzy sets. Moreover, the need to study not only contradiction but also the degree of such contradiction is pointed out in [1] and [2], suggesting some measures for this purpose. Nevertheless, contradiction could have been measured in some other way. This paper focuses on the study of contradiction between two fuzzy sets dealing with the problem from a geometrical point of view that allow us to find out new ways to measure the contradiction degree. To do this, the two fuzzy sets are interpreted as a subset of the unit square, and the so called contradiction region is determined. Specially we tackle the case in which both sets represent a curve in [0,1]2. This new geometrical approach allows us to obtain different functions to measure contradiction throughout distances. Moreover, some properties of these contradiction measure functions are established and, in some particular case, the relations among these different functions are obtained

A Comparative in Vitro Study of Apical Microleakage of Five Obturation Techniques

Svrha: Željelo se usporediti tehnike punjenja kanala – od lateralne kondenzacije do ostalih tehnika kondenzacije punila koje uključuju fizičke (temperatura: Soft-Core®, Obtura II®) i kemijske promjene (condensation: Guttaflow®, Resilon®) te njihov konačni utjecaj na dimenzijsku stabilnost i apikalno mikropropuštanje. Materijali i metode: Obrađeno je 212 zuba izvađenih iz ortodontskih ili parodontoloških razloga te su nasumce podijeljeni u pet grupa po njih 40. Odabrano je i po šest uzoraka za pozitivnu i negativnu kontrolu. Svi zubi obrađeni su sistemom Hero 642 i za svaku je grupu uporabljena različita tehnika punjenja: lateralna kondenzacija, Obtura II®, Soft-Core®, Guttaflow® ili Resilon®. Zatim su svi uzorci uronjeni u crnu tintu te nakon 72 sata obrađeni Robertsonovom tehnikom transparentizacije. Nakon toga je filtracija tinte izmjerena stereoskopskim mikroskopom. Za statističku analizu korištena je analiza varijabilnosti i post-hoc testiranje. Rezultati: Grupa zuba obrađena tehnikom Soft-Core® imala je značajno veće mikropropuštanje u odnosu na ostale tri skupine kod kojih smo se koristili ostalim tehnikama. Rezultati mikropropuštanja bili su slični. Zaključak: U ovom istraživanju zubi obrađeni tehnikom Soft-Core ® imali su veće apikalno mikropropuštanje nego oni kod kojih su primijenjene ostale tehnike.Aim: A comparison was made between the root canal lateral condensation technique and other condensation techniques in which physical (temperature: Soft-Core®, Obtura II®) or chemical changes (condensation: Guttaflow®, Resilon®) may affect the dimensional stability of obturation and thus favor apical microleakage. Materials and methods: A total of 212 single-root teeth removed for orthodontic or periodontal reasons were randomized to 5 groups of 40 teeth each. Six samples were used as positive controls, and another 6 as negative controls. The teeth were worked with the Hero 642 system, and each group was obturated using a different technique: lateral condensation, Obtura II®, Soft-Core®, Guttaflow® or Resilon®. The samples were immersed in black ink, and after 72 hours the teeth were transparentized using the technique described by Robertson. Filtration of the ink was measured under the stereoscopic microscope. Analysis of variance and post-hoc testing were used for the statistical analysis.Results: The Soft-Core® obturated group showed significantly greater microleakage than the other groups, with no differences among the rest of the groups. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, the teeth obturated with the Soft-Core® technique showed greater apical microleakage than the other systems

Handbook of Active Ageing and Quality of Life: From Concepts to Applications

La edición de este libro estuvo a cargo de Fermina Rojo-Pérez y Gloria Fernández-Mayoralas.El documento adjunto contiene la cubierta, portada e índice del libro.This handbook presents an overview of studies on the relationship of active ageing and quality of life. It addresses the new challenges of ageing from the paradigm of positive ageing (active, healthy and successful) for a better quality of life. It provides theoretical perspectives and empirical studies, including scientific knowledge as well as practical experiences about the good ageing and the quality of later life around the world, in order to respond to the challenges of an aged population. The handbook is structured in 4 sections covering theoretical and conceptual perspectives, social policy issues and research agenda, methods, measurement instrument-scales and evaluations, and lastly application studies including domains and geographical contexts.Peer reviewe

A Comparative in Vitro Study of Apical Microleakage of Five Obturation Techniques

Aim: A comparison was made between the root canal lateral condensation technique and other condensation techniques in which physical (temperature: Soft-Core®, Obtura II®) or chemical changes (condensation: Guttaflow®, Resilon®) may affect the dimensional stability of obturation and thus favor apical microleakage. Materials and methods: A total of 212 single-root teeth removed for orthodontic or periodontal reasons were randomized to 5 groups of 40 teeth each. Six samples were used as positive controls, and another 6 as negative controls. The teeth were worked with the Hero 642 system, and each group was obturated using a different technique: lateral condensation, Obtura II®, Soft-Core®, Guttaflow® or Resilon®. The samples were immersed in black ink, and after 72 hours the teeth were transparentized using the technique described by Robertson. Filtration of the ink was measured under the stereoscopic microscope. Analysis of variance and post-hoc testing were used for the statistical analysis.Results: The Soft-Core® obturated group showed significantly greater microleakage than the other groups, with no differences among the rest of the groups. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, the teeth obturated with the Soft-Core® technique showed greater apical microleakage than the other systems